Fig. 1

Causal relationships between serum lipid biomarkers and risk of early AMD. Causal relationships between serum HDL-C (A), ApoA (B), LDL-C (C), ApoB (D), TG (E), and CHOL (F) and risk of early AMD. The x-axis shows estimated values for serum lipid levels, and the y-axis shows estimated (log odd ratios) effects on early AMD. MR-IVW, MR-Egger, simple median, and weighted median method lines are plotted with different colors