Fig. 1

Adipose tissue inflammation associated mRNA (Log2 fold difference from placebo) was compared as a function of either combined (N = 8) supplementation with prebiotic (PreticX® Xylooligosaccharide; 0.8 g/day; AIDP; City of Industry, CA, USA) and probiotic (MegaDuo® Bacillus subtilis HU58 and Bacillus coagulans SC-208; 3 billion CFU/d; Microbiome Labs, LLC; Phoenix, AZ, USA) and placebo (N = 7; rice four). Free living overweight individuals reported to the baseline (0 day), 30 days, 60 days, and 90 days for the collection of PAXgene blood samples. Total RNA was isolated and analyzed using a 574-plex mRNA Immunology array (Nanostring® nCounter). ROSALIND® Advanced Analysis Software was used to calculate Log2 fold difference from placebo for each timepoint. Significance was set at p < 0.05 and adjusted for multiple comparisons to identify mRNA whose expression differed significantly as a function of prebiotic/probiotic (indicated as *)